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Minna No Nihongo I / JLPT N5 Notes (Lesson 1 to 25)

June 04, 2026
Minna no Nihongo I — Complete Study Notes (All 25 Lessons)
Lesson 1
〜ใฏ〜ใงใ™。Introductions & Identity
Grammar: ใงใ™・ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“・Pronouns · Vocabulary: Occupations, Countries ① Core Grammar Pattern 〔Noun A〕ใฏ〔Noun B〕ใงใ™。= "A is B."
Pattern → I am Maria. → Mr. Santos is a student.
② Negative Form 〜ใฏ〜ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ / ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ = "A is NOT B" = I am not a teacher. ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ = more formal than ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ③ Question Form 〜ใฏ〜ใงใ™ใ‹。 = "Is A, B?" — add ใ‹ at end, NO question mark needed / ④ Pronouns & ใฎ (Possessive)
PronounMeaningWith ใฎMeaning
I / memy
youyour
this personthis person's
Mr./Ms. ~Polite suffix — NEVER use for yourself!
⑤ Key Vocabulary — Occupations
= teacher = student = company employee = doctor = researcher
= engineer = university student = nurse = bank employee = receptionist
★ EXAM: ใฏ is the TOPIC marker — written as ใฏ but read as "wa"! ★ ใ‚‚ can replace ใฏ to mean "too/also": ใ‚ใŸใ—ใ‚‚ใŒใใ›ใ„ใงใ™ = I am also a student.
L1 · 1
Lesson 2
ใ“ใ‚Œ・ใใ‚Œ・ใ‚ใ‚Œ — This, That, That over there
Grammar: Ko-So-A-Do System · Vocabulary: Objects, Countries, Languages ① Ko-So-A-Do System Distance determines which word to use from speaker's position
SeriesThingPlaceDirectionAdj.Which?
ใ“ (near speaker)
ใ (near listener)
ใ‚ (far from both)
ใฉ (question)
② ใ“ใ‚Œ/ใใ‚Œ/ใ‚ใ‚Œ as Subject
→ What is this? → That is a dictionary. → Whose bag is that?
③ ใ“ใฎ・ใใฎ・ใ‚ใฎ + Noun ใ“ใฎ/ใใฎ/ใ‚ใฎ MUST be followed by a noun — they cannot stand alone! = This book is mine. ← WRONG — always add a noun after! ④ 〜ใฎ (Possessive / Linking) 〔Owner〕ใฎ〔Object〕 = "Owner's Object" = IMC's phone number = a Japanese car (noun+ใฎ+noun = describing origin) ⑤ Key Vocabulary
= this/that/that = book = dictionary = magazine = newspaper
= pencil = key = bag = watch/clock = wallet
★ EXAM: ใฉใ‚Œ = which (from 3+), ใฉใกใ‚‰ = which (of 2, also polite "where")
L2 · 1
Lesson 3
ใ“ใ“・ใใ“・ใ‚ใใ“ — Location & Places
Grammar: Location expressions, 〜ใฏ〜ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ · Vocabulary: Places, Floors ① Location Pattern 〔Place〕ใซ〔Object〕ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ = There is ___ at ___ 〔Object〕ใฏ〔Place〕ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ = ___ is at ___
→ The reception is over there. → Where is the restroom? → The elevator is that way.
② Floor Numbers
FloorJapaneseReading
1Fikkai
2Fnikai
3Fsankai
4Fyonkai
6Frokkai
8Fhakkai
10Fjukkai
B1chika ikkai
★ Irregular floors: 1F, 4F, 6F, 8F, 10F — must memorize double consonants! ③ Country / Language Pattern 〔Country〕่ชž = language of that country = Japanese language = Chinese language = English (special — not ใˆใ„ใ“ใใ”) ④ Key Vocabulary — Places
= reception desk = lobby = meeting room = cafeteria
= elevator = restroom = stairs = office
♦ Memory: ใ“-ใ-ใ‚-ใฉ = "CLOSE – SO-SO – AWAY – DON'T KNOW"
L3 · 1
Lesson 4
Numbers, Time & ใ„ใใ‚‰
Grammar: Time expressions, Shopping patterns · Vocabulary: Numbers 1–10,000+ ① Numbers
1〜10ReadingLargerReading
1, 2, 310
4 (two readings)100
5, 61,000
7 (two readings)10,000
8300 (irregular)
9 (two readings)3,000 (irregular)
★ 300=ใ•ใ‚“ใณใ‚ƒใ, 600=ใ‚ใฃใดใ‚ƒใ, 800=ใฏใฃใดใ‚ƒใ / 3000=ใ•ใ‚“ใœใ‚“, 8000=ใฏใฃใ›ใ‚“ ② Time — 〜ๆ™‚ (ใ˜) & 〜ๅˆ† (ใตใ‚“/ใทใ‚“) 〜ใ˜ = o'clock  〜ใตใ‚“/ใทใ‚“ = minutes
MinutesReadingMinutesReading
1ๅˆ†6ๅˆ†
2ๅˆ†8ๅˆ†
3ๅˆ†10ๅˆ†
4ๅˆ†ๅŠ (half)
③ Shopping Pattern 〜ใฏ ใ„ใใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ‹ = How much is ___?
→ ¥3,500
④ Time-related Vocabulary
= What time is it now? = AM (ๅˆๅ‰) = PM (ๅˆๅพŒ) = from ~ to ~
= holiday/break = every day = yen (¥) = how much
★ Business hours: 〜ใ‹ใ‚‰〜ใพใงใงใ™。 (e.g. 9ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚‰5ใ˜ใพใงใงใ™)
L4 · 1
Lesson 5
Verb Introduction — Going, Coming, Returning
Grammar: Masu-form verbs, ใซ (direction), ใง (means), ใจ (with) · Vocabulary: Transportation, Places ① First Verbs — Masu Form
DictionaryMasu formMeaning
to go
to come
to return/go home
→ I go to school every day. → (I) will come tomorrow.
② Key Particles in This Lesson
ParticleRoleExample
Direction "to"
Means of transport = go by train
Together with (person) = go with friend
Alone / by oneself = return alone
③ Time Words
JapaneseMeaningJapaneseMeaning
yesterdaytoday
tomorrowthis morning
tonightlast week
this weeknext week
last monthnext year
④ Tense Chart — ใ„ใใพใ™
Pres/Future: ใ„ใใพใ™ / Negative: ใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ Past: ใ„ใใพใ—ใŸ / Past Neg: ใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
⑤ Transportation Vocabulary
= train (electric) = bus = taxi = subway/metro
= Shinkansen bullet train = airplane = ship/boat = on foot (walking)
★ EXAM: ใธ vs ใซ for direction — both OK, but ใซ has MORE uses (time, location of existence)
L5 · 1
Lesson 6
Transitive Verbs — ใ‚’ (Object Particle)
Grammar: Verb + ใ‚’, ใง (place of action), ใง (tool/means) · Vocabulary: Daily actions, Food ① Object Particle ใ‚’ 〔Object〕ใ‚’〔Verb〕= do something TO/WITH the object
→ (I) drink coffee. → (I) write a letter. → (I) watch TV.
② Place of Action — ใง 〔Place〕ใง〔Action〕= do [action] at [place] = do work at home = eat lunch at restaurant ★ IMPORTANT: ใซ = location of existence (ใ„ใ‚‹/ใ‚ใ‚‹) / ใง = location of action (verbs) ③ Common Verbs — Group Classification
Verb (dict.)Masu formMeaningGroup
eatGr.2
drinkGr.1
see/watchGr.2
listen/askGr.1
readGr.1
writeGr.1
doGr.3 (irr.)
buyGr.1
take (photo)Gr.1
④ Frequency Adverbs Adverbs go BEFORE the verb they modify
= every day = often = sometimes
= occasionally = not much = not at all
★ ใ‚ใพใ‚Š and ใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“ MUST be used with negative verb forms!
L6 · 1
Lesson 7
ใซ — Time Particle & Invitations
Grammar: Specific time + ใซ, 〜ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ (invitation), 〜ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† (let's) · Vocabulary: Days, Activities ① Time Particle ใซ Specific times use ใซ / Relative times do NOT use ใซ
USE ใซDo NOT use ใซ
→ go to park on Sunday ← WRONG — ใใ‚‡ใ† never takes ใซ
② Days of the Week
DayJapaneseReading
MonGetsuyลbi
TueKayลbi
WedSuiyลbi
ThuMokuyลbi
FriKin'yลbi
SatDoyลbi
SunNichiyลbi
♦ Memory: ๆœˆ็ซๆฐดๆœจ้‡‘ๅœŸๆ—ฅ = Moon Fire Water Tree Gold Earth Sun ③ Invitation Patterns 〜ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ = "Would you like to ~?" (invitation / suggestion) 〜ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† = "Let's ~!" (suggesting together) 〜ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ = "Shall we ~?" (offering/proposing)
→ Won't you eat lunch with me? → Yes, let's eat! → Shall we go together?
④ Activity Vocabulary
= watch a movie = go shopping = play sports = take a walk
= cook food = listen to music = play games = do homework
★ ใ‚’ ใ™ใ‚‹ pattern: when ใ™ใ‚‹ follows a noun (noun+ใ™ใ‚‹ = compound verb)
L7 · 1
Lesson 8
ใ„-Adjectives
Grammar: ใ„-adj conjugation (present, past, negative) · Vocabulary: Descriptions, Weather ① ใ„-Adjective Forms ใ„-adjectives end in 〜ใ„ and conjugate by changing the ใ„
FormPatternExample (ใŸใ‹ใ„ = expensive)
Present +〜ใ„ + ใงใ™
Present −〜ใ„ → 〜ใใชใ„ใงใ™
Past +〜ใ„ → 〜ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™
Past −〜ใ„ → 〜ใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™
+ Noun〜ใ„ + Noun = expensive car
★ EXCEPTION: ใ„ใ„ (good) → past = ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ / neg = ใ‚ˆใใชใ„ใงใ™ (NOT ใ„ใใชใ„!) ② Common ใ„-Adjectives
= big ↔ small = new ↔ old = expensive ↔ cheap = tall ↔ low/short (height) = good ↔ bad
= hot ↔ cold (weather) = hot ↔ cold (to touch) = difficult ↔ easy = interesting ↔ boring = fun / enjoyable
③ Connecting Adjectives — ใฆ form ใ„-adj ใฆ form: drop ใ„ → add ใใฆ
This book is interesting and easy.
④ Weather Vocabulary
= sunny / clear = cloudy = rain
= snow = warm = cool/refreshing
★ ใ„ใ„ and ใ‚ˆใ„ are both "good" — ใ„ใ„ is casual, ใ‚ˆใ„ is literary/formal
L8 · 1
Lesson 9
ใช-Adjectives & Noun Modification
Grammar: ใช-adj conjugation, 〜ใŒ ใ™ใใงใ™ / ใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ / ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใšใงใ™ · Vocabulary: Hobbies, Tastes ① ใช-Adjective Forms ใช-adjectives add ใช before nouns, and conjugate like nouns with ใงใ™
FormPatternExample (ใ—ใšใ‹)
Pres +〜 + ใงใ™ = is quiet
Pres −〜 + ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
Past +〜 + ใงใ—ใŸ
Past −〜 + ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
+ Nounใช + Noun = quiet town
ใฆ form〜 + ใง
★ TRAP: ใใ‚Œใ„ ends in ใ„ BUT is a ใช-adj — never add ใใชใ„ or ใ‹ใฃใŸ! ② Likes/Dislikes Pattern 〔Subject〕ใฏ〔Object〕ใŒ ใ™ใใงใ™/ใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ Note: the object of liking takes ใŒ, NOT ใ‚’!
→ I like music. → (I) dislike vegetables. = love very much / = really hate
③ Ability Pattern — ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใš/ใธใŸ 〔Subject〕ใฏ〔Skill〕ใŒ ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใšใงใ™ = is good at ___ 〔Subject〕ใฏ〔Skill〕ใŒ ใธใŸใงใ™ = is bad at ___ ✗ Never say ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ〜ใŒใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใšใงใ™ about yourself — too boastful! = Mr. Smith is good at cooking. ④ Common ใช-Adjectives
= quiet = lively/bustling = beautiful/clean = famous = convenient
= liked/pleasing = disliked = healthy/energetic = free (time)/bored = hard/tough
★ EXAM: ใŒ in ใ™ใใงใ™ / ใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ / ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใšใงใ™ / ใธใŸใงใ™ — always ใŒ!
L9 · 1
Lesson 10
ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™・ใ„ใพใ™ — Existence Verbs
Grammar: Location + ใซ + ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™/ใ„ใพใ™, Counters · Vocabulary: Family, Positional words ① ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ vs ใ„ใพใ™
ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ„ใพใ™
Used fornon-living things, plantspeople, animals
Example
Question
★ Plants (trees, flowers) use ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ even though they are living! ② Full Existence Patterns 〔Place〕ใซ〔Subject〕ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™/ใ„ใพใ™ = There is/are ___ at ___ 〔Subject〕ใฏ〔Place〕ใซ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™/ใ„ใพใ™ = ___ is at ___
→ There is a book on the desk. → There are children in the park. → Where is the cat?
③ Positional Words
JapaneseMeaningJapaneseMeaning
above/on topbelow/under
in frontbehind
rightleft
insideoutside
next tonear/nearby
betweenover there / beyond
④ People Counters
NumberCounter (ไบบ)Reading
1hitori (irregular)
2futari (irregular)
3〜9~nin (regular)
10jลซnin
ไฝ•ไบบhow many people
★ EXAM: 1ไบบ=ใฒใจใ‚Š、2ไบบ=ใตใŸใ‚Š are irregular — must memorize!
L10 · 1
Lesson 11
〜ใŸใ„ใงใ™ — Wants & Desires
Grammar: Verb stem + ใŸใ„, ใŒใปใ—ใ„, ใฉใ‚“ใช · Vocabulary: Food, Shopping desires ① ใŸใ„ใงใ™ — "Want to do" Verb STEM + ใŸใ„ใงใ™ = "want to ___" Verb stem = masu-form minus ใพใ™  (e.g. ใŸในใพใ™ → ใŸใน + ใŸใ„)
→ I want to go to Japan. → I want to eat ramen. → I don't want to eat anything.
✗ ใŸใ„ cannot express 3rd person desire — use 〜ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ for he/she wants to! ② ใŒใปใ—ใ„ — "Want (a thing)" 〔Object〕ใŒ ใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ = want [object/thing] = I want a new computer. Object uses ใŒ, not ใ‚’, with ใปใ—ใ„! ③ ใฉใ‚“ใช — "What kind of" ใฉใ‚“ใช + Noun = "what kind of Noun"
→ What kind of music do you like? → What kind of job do you want to do?
④ Noun + ใŒ / Number + ใปใ—ใ„ ใŸใ„ใงใ™ conjugates like ใ„-adjective!
FormPatternExample
Positivestem + ใŸใ„ใงใ™
Negativestem + ใŸใใชใ„ใงใ™
Paststem + ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™
Past neg.stem + ใŸใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™
⑤ Vocabulary — Activities & Desires
= want to get married = want to study abroad = want to rest
= want to buy = want to drink = don't want to work
★ ใ‚’ can replace ใŒ with ใŸใ„ in casual speech, but ใŒ is more standard in writing.
L11 · 1
Lesson 12
〜ใ‹ใ‚‰ / 〜ใฎใง — Reasons & Explanations
Grammar: 〜ใ‹ใ‚‰ (because), 〜ใฎใง (so/because), adjective ใฆ-forms for listing · Vocabulary: Seasons, Towns ① ใ‹ใ‚‰ — "Because / So" 〔Reason〕ใ‹ใ‚‰、〔Result〕= "Because ___, ___" ใ‹ใ‚‰ follows plain or polite form and states the reason
→ Because it's raining, I'll stay home. → Because it's cheap, I'll buy it. → Why? → Because ___.
② Connecting Sentences with ใฆ-form ใ„-adj ใฆ form: ใ„ → ใใฆ  ใช-adj ใฆ form: ใช → ใง  Noun: N + ใง
→ This town is quiet and beautiful. → (It's) cheap and delicious.
③ Describing Towns 〔Town〕ใฏ〔adj〕ใพใกใงใ™ = [Town] is a [adj] town
= lively town = quiet town = convenient town = inconvenient town
= beautiful/clean town = big town = old town = new town
④ Seasons & Climate Vocabulary
SeasonJapaneseClimate words
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
★ ใฎใง is softer/more polite than ใ‹ใ‚‰ — use ใฎใง in formal writing and speech!
L12 · 1
Lesson 13
〜ใŒ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™・ใ™ใใงใ™ / Counting Things
Grammar: ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™, ใงใใพใ™ + ใŒ, Counters (〜ใค・〜ๆœฌ・〜ๆžš) · Vocabulary: Objects, Abilities ① ใŒ + Ability/Understanding Verbs 〔Subject〕ใฏ〔Object〕ใŒ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ = understand ___ 〔Subject〕ใฏ〔Object〕ใŒ ใงใใพใ™ = can do / is possible
→ I understand Japanese. → Mr. Smith can play tennis. → Can you speak French?
★ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ and ใงใใพใ™ take ใŒ — NOT ใ‚’! ② Japanese Counters
CounterForReadingExample
generic small objectshitotsu…
long thin objectsippon, nihon…
flat thin objectsichimai…
books/magazinesissatsu…
machines/vehiclesichidai…
small round objectsikko…
cups/glassesippai…
③ 〜ใค Counting (1–10)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
★ 〜ใค system is native Japanese; stops at 10 (use Chinese-based counting after 10)
L13 · 1
Lesson 14
Te-form — Requests, Permission & Prohibition
Grammar: ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„, ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹, ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ · Vocabulary: Actions, Rules ① Te-form Formation (Full Chart)
GroupEndingChangeExample
Gr.1
Gr.1
Gr.1
Gr.1
Gr.1
Gr.1ใ„ใฃใฆ
Gr.2〜ใ‚‹ (drop ใ‚‹)
Gr.3ใ™ใ‚‹
Gr.3ใใ‚‹
② Te-form Applications
〜ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ = Please do ___ (polite request) → Please speak slowly.
〜ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ = May I do ___? (asking permission) → May I take a photo? /
〜ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ = Must not do ___ (prohibition) → You must not smoke here. → Please be quiet.
★ Politeness scale: ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ (request) → ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ (permission) → ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ (rule)
L14 · 1
Lesson 15
〜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ — Ongoing Actions & States
Grammar: ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ (progressive), ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ (resultant state), 〜ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ · Vocabulary: Daily routines ① 〜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ — Two Meanings
UseMeaningExample
Ongoing actionis doing ___ (right now)
Resultant stateis in a state resulting from an action
→ (I) am watching TV now. (ongoing) → (She) is wearing glasses. (state) → (I) work at IMC. (occupation = state)
② Occupation / Relationship States Permanent occupation uses ใฆใ„ใพใ™ not just ใพใ™! = is cooking (right now) = cooks for a living (profession) ③ 〜ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ — "After doing" 〔Action 1〕ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰、〔Action 2〕= After doing ___, do ___
After eating, (I) brush my teeth.
④ Appearance / Physical State Vocabulary
= wearing glasses = wearing a suit = wearing a hat = wearing a tie
= has long hair = is tall = young = is married
★ ใ—ใพใ™ (one-time action) vs ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ (ongoing / habitual / state)
L15 · 1
Lesson 16
Plain Form (Dictionary Form) Introduction
Grammar: Plain form verbs (present/past/neg.), 〜ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ · Vocabulary: Opinions, Beliefs ① Plain Form Chart
Polite (ใพใ™)Plain (+)Plain (−)Plain Past +Plain Past −
Gr.1: ใ‹ใ
Gr.2: ใŸในใ‚‹
ใ™ใ‚‹
ใใ‚‹
★ Gr.1 negative: change final -u to -a, add ใชใ„ (e.g. ใ‹ใ→ใ‹ใ‹+ใชใ„) ★ Exception: ใ†-ending verbs → ใ‚ not ใ‚ (e.g. ใ‹ใ† → ใ‹ใ‚ใชใ„ NOT ใ‹ใ‚ใชใ„) ② 〜ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ — Expressing Opinions 〔Plain form sentence〕ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ = I think that ___
→ I think it will rain tomorrow. → I think he won't come. → I don't think that's the case.
③ 〜ใจ ใ„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ — Reporting Speech 〔Plain form〕ใจ ใ„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ = is saying that ___ / says ___ = Yamada says he won't come. ④ Vocabulary — Opinion Expressions
= I think that ~ = it is called ~ / say ~ = probably = surely/certainly
= probably (less certain) = might be = should be / expected to be = absolutely/definitely
L16 · 1
Lesson 17
〜ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ / 〜ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
Grammar: Negative requests, Obligations, 〜ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ · Vocabulary: Rules, Obligations ① Negative Request — 〜ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ Negative plain form + ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ = "Please don't do ___"
→ Please don't smoke here. → Please don't take photos.
② Obligation — 〜ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ Negative plain form (ใชใ„→ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ) + ใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ = "Must do / Have to do"
→ (I) must take medicine. → (I) must do homework.
♦ Shortcut in speech: 〜ใชใใ‚ƒ (very casual) e.g. ใ„ใ‹ใชใใ‚ƒ = gotta go ③ No Obligation — 〜ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ Neg plain form (ใชใ„→ใชใใฆ) + ใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ = "Don't have to / It's OK not to"
→ You don't have to force yourself to eat. → You don't have to come today.
④ Summary: Obligation System
MeaningPattern
Must do
Must not do
Don't have to do
May do (OK to do)
Please do
Please don't do
★ EXAM: These 6 patterns cover all obligation/permission scenarios — master all!
L17 · 1
Lesson 18
Noun Modification — Relative Clauses
Grammar: Verb/adj plain form + Noun, 〜ใจใ (when) · Vocabulary: Describing objects & people ① Relative Clause Construction 〔Plain form clause〕+ Noun = clause modifying (describing) the noun Unlike English, the modifier comes BEFORE the noun in Japanese!
② ใŒ in Relative Clauses Inside relative clauses, ใŒ often replaces ใฏ for the subject! = the letter that I wrote ← ใฏ inside relative clause = unnatural ③ 〜ใจใ — "When" 〔Clause〕ใจใใฏ、〔Main clause〕= When ___, ___
When (I was) a child, I lived in Japan. When I have free time, I listen to music.
④ Noun Modification — Summary Table
TypePatternExample
ใ„-adj + Nadj (plain) + N
ใช-adj + Nadj + ใช + N
Noun + NN + ใฎ + N
Verb clause + Nplain verb + N
★ EXAM: noun+ใฎ+noun = possession/description | adj+ใช+noun = always ใช type adj
L18 · 1
Lesson 19
〜ใชใŒใ‚‰ — Simultaneous Actions
Grammar: Verb stem + ใชใŒใ‚‰, 〜ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™, 〜ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† · Vocabulary: Daily activities ① 〜ใชใŒใ‚‰ — "While doing" Verb stem (masu minus ใพใ™) + ใชใŒใ‚‰ = "while doing ___" ใชใŒใ‚‰ expresses TWO simultaneous actions — focus is on main (second) verb
I study while listening to music. Please don't look at your phone while walking.
✗ Both actions must share the SAME subject — cannot use ใชใŒใ‚‰ for two different people! ② 〜ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ — Completion / Regret Te-form + ใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ = completed fully / unfortunately happened
→ I finished all my homework (completely). → I unfortunately forgot my wallet.
Casual: ใฆใ—ใพใ† → ใกใ‚ƒใ† / ใงใ—ใพใ† → ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ† ③ 〜ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† — Probability Plain form / adj / noun + ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† = "probably / I suppose" = It will probably be sunny tomorrow. = He probably came. ④ Vocabulary — Sequential & Simultaneous Actions
= while doing (simultaneous) = after doing (sequential) = before doing
= after (time has passed) = at the time when = during / while (longer period)
★ ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ (sequence: A then B) vs ใชใŒใ‚‰ (parallel: A and B at same time)
L19 · 1
Lesson 20
〜ใŸใ‚‰ — Conditional "If / When"
Grammar: ใŸใ‚‰ conditional, 〜ใจ conditional, 〜ใฐ conditional introduction · Vocabulary: Conditions, Situations ① 〜ใŸใ‚‰ Conditional Plain past form + ใ‚‰ = "If/When ___ happens, ___" Formation: plain past (ใŸ form) + ใ‚‰
If I go to Japan, I want to eat sushi. → If it's cheap, I'll buy it. → When homework is done, let's play.
② 〜ใŸใ‚‰ Formation
TypeBase〜ใŸใ‚‰ form
Verb (Gr.1)
Verb (Gr.2)
ใ„-adj
ใช-adj
Noun
③ 〜ใจ Conditional (Natural consequence) Plain form + ใจ = automatic/natural consequence; cannot use for requests/intentions! = If you press this button, the door opens. = If you turn right, there's a station. ✗ 〜ใจ + request form = WRONG (e.g. 〜ใจ、ใ„ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ × ) ④ Conditional Summary
ConditionalBest use
〜ใŸใ‚‰Personal situations, one-time events, after ~
〜ใจNatural results, directions, instructions
〜ใฐFormal conditions, emphasizing the condition
〜ใชใ‚‰Responding to given info ("if that's the case")
★ ใŸใ‚‰ is the MOST common conditional — safest to use in exams when unsure!
L20 · 1
Lesson 21
〜ใใ†ใงใ™ — Appearance & Hearsay
Grammar: 〜ใใ†ใงใ™ (looks like), 〜ใใ†ใงใ™ (I heard), 〜ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ · Vocabulary: Rumors, Appearances ① 〜ใใ†ใงใ™ — Two Completely Different Meanings!
Appearance ใใ†Hearsay ใใ†
Meaning"looks like / seems""I heard that / apparently"
Formationadj stem/verb stem + ใใ†plain form + ใใ†ใงใ™
Example = looks delicious = I heard it's delicious
NoteBased on OWN observationBased on what others said
② Appearance ใใ† — Formation ใ„-adj: drop ใ„ → + ใใ†  ใช-adj: drop ใช → + ใใ†  verb stem + ใใ†
→ Looks interesting. → Looks tough/difficult. → It looks like it will rain.
★ ใ„ใ„(good) → ใ‚ˆใ•ใใ† (NOT ใ„ใใ†!)  ใชใ„ → ใชใ•ใใ† ③ Hearsay ใใ†ใงใ™ — Formation Plain form (entire sentence) + ใใ†ใงใ™ = "I heard that..."
→ I heard Yamada is getting married. → I heard that shop is cheap.
④ 〜ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ — Seems / Appears (based on evidence) Plain form + ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ = "it seems like / appears to be" (from evidence/info) = He seems to be a student. = It apparently will rain tomorrow. ♦ ใใ†(appearance) = your eyes | ใใ†(hearsay) = others' words | ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ = inference from clues
L21 · 1
Lesson 22
〜ใงใ‚‚ / 〜ใ— / 〜ใ‚“ใงใ™
Grammar: Listing reasons with ใ—, Casual explanation with ใ‚“ใงใ™, Contrast with ใงใ‚‚ · Vocabulary: Daily life, Complaints ① 〜ใ— — Listing Multiple Reasons 〔Reason1〕ใ—、〔Reason2〕ใ—、〔Conclusion〕= "not only ___, but also ___, so ___"
This town is quiet, convenient, and I love it. That person is beautiful, smart too — wonderful, isn't she!
② 〜ใ‚“ใงใ™ — Explaining / Seeking Explanation Plain form + ใ‚“ใงใ™ = explaining background reason / seeking context (= ใฎใงใ™ in written form; ใ‚“ใงใ™ in spoken)
→ What's the matter? (seeking explanation) → (The reason is) I have a headache. → Why were you late? (asking for reason)
③ 〜ใงใ‚‚ — "Even / But / However" ใงใ‚‚ at start of sentence = "But/However"  Noun + ใงใ‚‚ = "even ___" = But, it's difficult. = Even a child can understand. = I eat anything (everything). ④ Indefinite Pronouns with ใงใ‚‚
+ใงใ‚‚Meaning+ใ‹Meaning
anythingsomething
anywheresomewhere
anyonesomeone
anytimesometime
★ EXAM: 〜ใ‚‚ + negative = nobody/nothing/nowhere (ใ ใ‚Œใ‚‚〜ใชใ„ = nobody)
L22 · 1
Lesson 23
〜ใฆใ‚ใ’ใพใ™ / ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ™ / ใใ‚Œใพใ™ — Giving & Receiving
Grammar: Verbs of giving/receiving, Direction of benefit · Vocabulary: Acts of kindness ① Three Core Giving/Receiving Verbs
VerbDirectionSubjectExample
I/we → othersgiver = I = I give
others → I/wereceiver = I = I receive
others → I/my groupgiver = others = they give to me
② With Te-form — Doing a Favor Te-form + ใ‚ใ’ใพใ™ = do ___ for (someone else) / as a favor Te-form + ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ™ = have (someone) do ___ for me / receive the favor Te-form + ใใ‚Œใพใ™ = (someone) does ___ for me (grateful nuance)
I taught my friend Japanese (as a favor to them). I had the teacher explain it to me (received the favor). My mother cooked for me (kind act toward me).
③ Particles Used With These Verbs
VerbGiverReceiver
Subject ใฏ/ใŒใซ (to ~)
ใซ/ใ‹ใ‚‰ (from ~)Subject ใฏ/ใŒ
Subject ใฏ/ใŒใ‚ใŸใ—(ใซ)
★ Never use ใ‚ใ’ใพใ™ when someone does something for you — use ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ™/ใใ‚Œใพใ™! ★ Cultural note: using ใ‚ใ’ใพใ™ for actions toward seniors can sound rude — use ใฆ ใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ (honorific ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ™)
L23 · 1
Lesson 24
〜ใจ ใ„ใ† / Nominalisation — ใ“ใจ & ใฎ
Grammar: 〜ใจใ„ใ† (called/that), ใ“ใจ and ใฎ as noun phrases · Vocabulary: Explanations, Definitions ① 〜ใจใ„ใ† — "Called / Named / That" Noun A + ใจใ„ใ† + Noun B = "Noun B called/named Noun A" Plain sentence + ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ = the fact that / the matter that
→ a book called "Minna no Nihongo" → the story that he is coming → "That means ___"
② ใ“ใจ — Nominalising Verbs (Formal) Plain form + ใ“ใจ = turns a verb clause into a noun (formal / written)
→ I like speaking Japanese. → Exercising every day is important.
③ ใฎ — Nominalising Verbs (Personal / Sensory) Plain form + ใฎ = turns a verb clause into a noun (personal experience / sensory)
→ I can hear him singing. → I saw you eat (it).
④ ใ“ใจ vs ใฎ — When to Use Each
ใ“ใจใฎ
Formal/abstract situationsPersonal/sensory/concrete situations
〜ใ“ใจใŒ ใ™ใ/ใใ‚‰ใ„/ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใš〜ใฎใŒ ใฟใˆใ‚‹/ใใ“ใˆใ‚‹
〜ใ“ใจ (facts, matters)〜ใฎ (people seeing/hearing/knowing directly)
★ Most set expressions use ใ“ใจ: ใ“ใจ ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ (have the experience of), ใ“ใจ ใซ ใ—ใพใ™ (decide to)
L24 · 1
Lesson 25
〜ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ / 〜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™
Grammar: Experience (ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™), Goals (ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™), 〜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ · Vocabulary: Life experiences ① 〜ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ — Past Experience Plain past + ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ = "have (ever) done ___ / have the experience of"
→ I have been to Japan (before). → Have you ever climbed Mt. Fuji? → I have never drunk it even once.
★ Frequency adverb: ใ„ใกใฉ (once), ใชใ‚“ใฉใ‚‚ (many times), ใ„ใกใฉใ‚‚〜ใชใ„ (never even once) ② 〜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ — Making an Effort / Goal Setting Plain form (non-past) + ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ = "try to / make an effort to" Negative plain form + ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ = "try not to"
I will try to study Japanese every day. I will try not to smoke.
③ 〜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ — Change Over Time Plain form + ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ = "came to be able to / has become the case that"
→ I became able to speak Japanese. → Recently I've started eating vegetables.
④ Book 1 Grammar Master Summary
PatternMeaningLesson
A is BL1
there is/areL10
please doL14
ongoing / stateL15
must doL17
try to doL25
have experience ofL25
giving/receiving favorsL23
★ FINAL EXAM TIP: Focus on particle usage (ใฏ vs ใŒ vs ใ‚’ vs ใซ vs ใง) — most common error source! ♦ ใŠใคใ‹ใ‚Œใ•ใพใงใ—ใŸ! You have completed Minna no Nihongo I! ๐ŸŽ‰
L25 · 1