๐
Minna No Nihongo I / JLPT N5 Notes (Lesson 1 to 25)
〜ใฏ〜ใงใ。Introductions & Identity
Grammar: ใงใ・ใใใใใพใใ・Pronouns · Vocabulary: Occupations, Countries
① Core Grammar Pattern
〔Noun A〕ใฏ〔Noun B〕ใงใ。= "A is B."
Pattern
ใใใใฏ ใใชใขใงใ。 → I am Maria.
ใตใณใในใใใฏ ใใใใใงใ。 → Mr. Santos is a student.
② Negative Form
〜ใฏ〜ใใใใใพใใ / ใงใฏใใใพใใ = "A is NOT B"
ใใใใฏ ใใใใใใใใใพใใ。 = I am not a teacher.
ใงใฏใใใพใใ = more formal than ใใใใใพใใ
③ Question Form
〜ใฏ〜ใงใใ。 = "Is A, B?" — add ใ at end, NO question mark needed
ในใในใใใฏ ใใใใใใใงใใ。
ใฏใ、ใใใงใ。 / ใใใ、ใใใใใใใพใใ。
④ Pronouns & ใฎ (Possessive)
| Pronoun | Meaning | With ใฎ | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใใ | I / me | ใใใใฎ | my |
| ใใชใ | you | ใใชใใฎ | your |
| ใใฎไบบ | this person | ใใฎไบบใฎ | this person's |
| 〜ใใ | Mr./Ms. ~ | Polite suffix — NEVER use for yourself! | |
ใใใใ = teacher
ใใใใ = student
ใใใใใใ = company employee
ใใใ = doctor
ใใใใ
ใใใ = researcher
ใจใณใธใใข = engineer
ใ ใใใใใ = university student
ใใใใ = nurse
ใใใใใใ = bank employee
ใใใคใ = receptionist
ใใ・ใใ・ใใ — This, That, That over there
Grammar: Ko-So-A-Do System · Vocabulary: Objects, Countries, Languages
① Ko-So-A-Do System
Distance determines which word to use from speaker's position
| Series | Thing | Place | Direction | Adj. | Which? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใ (near speaker) | ใใ | ใใ | ใใกใ | ใใฎ | — |
| ใ (near listener) | ใใ | ใใ | ใใกใ | ใใฎ | — |
| ใ (far from both) | ใใ | ใใใ | ใใกใ | ใใฎ | — |
| ใฉ (question) | ใฉใ | ใฉใ | ใฉใกใ | ใฉใฎ | ใฉใ |
ใใใฏ ใชใใงใใ。 → What is this?
ใใใฏ ใใใใงใ。 → That is a dictionary.
ใใใฏ ใ ใใฎ ใใฐใใงใใ。 → Whose bag is that?
③ ใใฎ・ใใฎ・ใใฎ + Noun
ใใฎ/ใใฎ/ใใฎ MUST be followed by a noun — they cannot stand alone!
ใใฎ ใปใใฏ ใใใใฎใงใ。 = This book is mine.
×ใใฎ ใฏ… ← WRONG — always add a noun after!
④ 〜ใฎ (Possessive / Linking)
〔Owner〕ใฎ〔Object〕 = "Owner's Object"
IMCใฎ ใงใใใฐใใใ = IMC's phone number
ใซใปใใฎ ใใใพ = a Japanese car (noun+ใฎ+noun = describing origin)
⑤ Key Vocabulary
ใใ/ใใ/ใใ = this/that/that
ใปใ = book
ใใใ = dictionary
ใใฃใ = magazine
ใใใถใ = newspaper
ใใใดใค = pencil
ใใ = key
ใใฐใ = bag
ใจใใ = watch/clock
ใใใต = wallet
ใใ・ใใ・ใใใ — Location & Places
Grammar: Location expressions, 〜ใฏ〜ใซใใใพใ · Vocabulary: Places, Floors
① Location Pattern
〔Place〕ใซ〔Object〕ใใใใพใ = There is ___ at ___
〔Object〕ใฏ〔Place〕ใซใใใพใ = ___ is at ___
ใใใคใใฏ ใใใใงใ。 → The reception is over there.
ใใคใฌใฏ ใฉใใงใใ。 → Where is the restroom?
ใจใฌใใผใฟใผใฏ ใใกใใงใ。 → The elevator is that way.
② Floor Numbers
| Floor | Japanese | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| 1F | ใใฃใใ | ikkai |
| 2F | ใซใใ | nikai |
| 3F | ใใใใ | sankai |
| 4F | ใใใใ | yonkai |
| 6F | ใใฃใใ | rokkai |
| 8F | ใฏใฃใใ | hakkai |
| 10F | ใใ ใฃใใ | jukkai |
| B1 | ใกใ ใใฃใใ | chika ikkai |
ใใใคใ = reception desk
ใญใใผ = lobby
ใใใใใค = meeting room
ใใใใฉใ = cafeteria
ใจใฌใใผใฟใผ = elevator
ใใคใฌ = restroom
ใใใ ใ = stairs
ใใใใ = office
Numbers, Time & ใใใ
Grammar: Time expressions, Shopping patterns · Vocabulary: Numbers 1–10,000+
① Numbers
| 1〜10 | Reading | Larger | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใก、ใซ、ใใ | 1, 2, 3 | ใใ ใ | 10 |
| ใ/ใใ | 4 (two readings) | ใฒใใ | 100 |
| ใ、ใใ | 5, 6 | ใใ | 1,000 |
| ใใก/ใชใช | 7 (two readings) | ใพใ | 10,000 |
| ใฏใก | 8 | ใใใณใใ | 300 (irregular) |
| ใ/ใใ ใ | 9 (two readings) | ใใใใ | 3,000 (irregular) |
| Minutes | Reading | Minutes | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1ๅ | ใใฃใทใ | 6ๅ | ใใฃใทใ |
| 2ๅ | ใซใตใ | 8ๅ | ใฏใฃใทใ |
| 3ๅ | ใใใทใ | 10ๅ | ใใ ใฃใทใ |
| 4ๅ | ใใใทใ | ๅ (half) | ใฏใ |
ใใฎใจใใใฏ ใใใใงใใ。
〔ใใใใ ใใฒใใ ใใ〕ใงใ。 → ¥3,500
④ Time-related Vocabulary
ใใพ ใชใใใงใใ = What time is it now?
ใใใ = AM (ๅๅ)
ใใ = PM (ๅๅพ)
〜ใใ〜ใพใง = from ~ to ~
ใใใฟ = holiday/break
ใพใใซใก = every day
ใใ = yen (¥)
ใใใ = how much
Verb Introduction — Going, Coming, Returning
Grammar: Masu-form verbs, ใซ (direction), ใง (means), ใจ (with) · Vocabulary: Transportation, Places
① First Verbs — Masu Form
| Dictionary | Masu form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ใใ | ใใใพใ | to go |
| ใใ | ใใพใ | to come |
| ใใใ | ใใใใพใ | to return/go home |
ใพใใซใก ใใฃใใใธ ใใใพใ。 → I go to school every day.
ใใใ ใใพใ。 → (I) will come tomorrow.
② Key Particles in This Lesson
| Particle | Role | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใธ/ใซ | Direction "to" | ใใฃใใใธ/ใซใใใพใ |
| ใง | Means of transport | ใงใใใใง ใใใพใ = go by train |
| ใจ | Together with (person) | ใจใใ ใกใจ ใใใพใ = go with friend |
| ใฒใจใใง | Alone / by oneself | ใฒใจใใง ใใใใพใ = return alone |
| Japanese | Meaning | Japanese | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใฎใ | yesterday | ใใใ | today |
| ใใใ | tomorrow | ใใ | this morning |
| ใใใฐใ | tonight | ใใใใ ใ | last week |
| ใใใใ ใ | this week | ใใใใ ใ | next week |
| ใใใใค | last month | ใใใญใ | next year |
Pres/Future: ใใใพใ / Negative: ใใใพใใ
Past: ใใใพใใ / Past Neg: ใใใพใใใงใใ
⑤ Transportation Vocabulary
ใงใใใ = train (electric)
ใใน = bus
ใฟใฏใทใผ = taxi
ใกใใฆใค = subway/metro
ใใใใใใ = Shinkansen bullet train
ใฒใใใ = airplane
ใตใญ = ship/boat
ใใใใฆ = on foot (walking)
Transitive Verbs — ใ (Object Particle)
Grammar: Verb + ใ, ใง (place of action), ใง (tool/means) · Vocabulary: Daily actions, Food
① Object Particle ใ
〔Object〕ใ〔Verb〕= do something TO/WITH the object
ใณใผใใผใ ใฎใฟใพใ。 → (I) drink coffee.
ใฆใใฟใ ใใใพใ。 → (I) write a letter.
ใใฌใใ ใฟใพใ。 → (I) watch TV.
② Place of Action — ใง
〔Place〕ใง〔Action〕= do [action] at [place]
ใใกใง ใใใจใ ใใพใ。 = do work at home
ใฌในใใฉใณใง ใฒใใใฏใใ ใในใพใ。 = eat lunch at restaurant
★ IMPORTANT: ใซ = location of existence (ใใ/ใใ) / ใง = location of action (verbs)
③ Common Verbs — Group Classification
| Verb (dict.) | Masu form | Meaning | Group |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใในใ | ใในใพใ | eat | Gr.2 |
| ใฎใ | ใฎใฟใพใ | drink | Gr.1 |
| ใฟใ | ใฟใพใ | see/watch | Gr.2 |
| ใใ | ใใใพใ | listen/ask | Gr.1 |
| ใใ | ใใฟใพใ | read | Gr.1 |
| ใใ | ใใใพใ | write | Gr.1 |
| ใใ | ใใพใ | do | Gr.3 (irr.) |
| ใใ | ใใใพใ | buy | Gr.1 |
| ใจใ | ใจใใพใ | take (photo) | Gr.1 |
ใพใใซใก = every day
ใใ = often
ใจใใฉใ = sometimes
ใใพใซ = occasionally
ใใพใ〜ใพใใ = not much
ใใใใ〜ใพใใ = not at all
ใซ — Time Particle & Invitations
Grammar: Specific time + ใซ, 〜ใพใใใ (invitation), 〜ใพใใใ (let's) · Vocabulary: Days, Activities
① Time Particle ใซ
Specific times use ใซ / Relative times do NOT use ใซ
| USE ใซ | Do NOT use ใซ |
|---|---|
| 〜ใใซ (at o'clock) ○ 〜ใใใณใซ (on weekday) ○ 〜ใใคใซ (in month) ○ | ใใฎใ × ใใใ × ใใใ × ใพใใซใก × |
ใซใกใใใณใซ ใใใใใธ ใใใพใ。 → go to park on Sunday
×ใใใใซ ใใใพใ ← WRONG — ใใใ never takes ใซ
② Days of the Week
| Day | Japanese | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| Mon | ใใคใใใณ | Getsuyลbi |
| Tue | ใใใใณ | Kayลbi |
| Wed | ใใใใใณ | Suiyลbi |
| Thu | ใใใใใณ | Mokuyลbi |
| Fri | ใใใใใณ | Kin'yลbi |
| Sat | ใฉใใใณ | Doyลbi |
| Sun | ใซใกใใใณ | Nichiyลbi |
ใใฃใใใซ ใฒใใใฏใใ ใในใพใใใ。 → Won't you eat lunch with me?
ใฏใ、ใในใพใใใ。 → Yes, let's eat!
ใใฃใใใซ ใใใพใใใใ。 → Shall we go together?
④ Activity Vocabulary
ใใใใ ใฟใ = watch a movie
ใใใใฎใ ใใ = go shopping
ในใใผใใ ใใ = play sports
ใใใฝใ ใใ = take a walk
ใใใใใ ใใ = cook food
ใใใใใ ใใ = listen to music
ใฒใผใ ใ ใใ = play games
ใใ
ใใ ใใ ใใ = do homework
ใ-Adjectives
Grammar: ใ-adj conjugation (present, past, negative) · Vocabulary: Descriptions, Weather
① ใ-Adjective Forms
ใ-adjectives end in 〜ใ and conjugate by changing the ใ
| Form | Pattern | Example (ใใใ = expensive) |
|---|---|---|
| Present + | 〜ใ + ใงใ | ใใใใงใ |
| Present − | 〜ใ → 〜ใใชใใงใ | ใใใใชใใงใ |
| Past + | 〜ใ → 〜ใใฃใใงใ | ใใใใฃใใงใ |
| Past − | 〜ใ → 〜ใใชใใฃใใงใ | ใใใใชใใฃใใงใ |
| + Noun | 〜ใ + Noun | ใใใ ใใใพ = expensive car |
ใใใใ ↔ ใกใใใ = big ↔ small
ใใใใใ ↔ ใตใใ = new ↔ old
ใใใ ↔ ใใใ = expensive ↔ cheap
ใใใ ↔ ใฒใใ = tall ↔ low/short (height)
ใใ ↔ ใใใ = good ↔ bad
ใใคใ ↔ ใใใ = hot ↔ cold (weather)
ใใคใ ↔ ใคใใใ = hot ↔ cold (to touch)
ใใใใใ ↔ ใใใใ = difficult ↔ easy
ใใใใใ ↔ ใคใพใใชใ = interesting ↔ boring
ใใฎใใ = fun / enjoyable
ใใฎใปใใฏ ใใใใใใฆ、ใใใใใงใ。
This book is interesting and easy.
④ Weather Vocabulary
ใฏใ = sunny / clear
ใใใ = cloudy
ใใ = rain
ใใ = snow
ใใใใใ = warm
ใใใใ = cool/refreshing
ใช-Adjectives & Noun Modification
Grammar: ใช-adj conjugation, 〜ใ ใใใงใ / ใใใใงใ / ใใใใใงใ · Vocabulary: Hobbies, Tastes
① ใช-Adjective Forms
ใช-adjectives add ใช before nouns, and conjugate like nouns with ใงใ
| Form | Pattern | Example (ใใใ) |
|---|---|---|
| Pres + | 〜 + ใงใ | ใใใใงใ = is quiet |
| Pres − | 〜 + ใใใใใพใใ | ใใใใใใใใพใใ |
| Past + | 〜 + ใงใใ | ใใใใงใใ |
| Past − | 〜 + ใใใใใพใใใงใใ | ใใใใใใใใพใใใงใใ |
| + Noun | 〜ใช + Noun | ใใใใช ใพใก = quiet town |
| ใฆ form | 〜 + ใง | ใใใใง、ใใใใงใ |
ใใใใฏ ใใใใใ ใใใงใ。 → I like music.
ใใใใ ใใใใงใ。 → (I) dislike vegetables.
ใ ใใใ = love very much / ใ ใใใใ = really hate
③ Ability Pattern — ใใใใ/ใธใ
〔Subject〕ใฏ〔Skill〕ใ ใใใใใงใ = is good at ___
〔Subject〕ใฏ〔Skill〕ใ ใธใใงใ = is bad at ___
✗ Never say ใใใใฏ〜ใใใใใใงใ about yourself — too boastful!
ในใในใใใฏ ใใใใใ ใใใใใงใ。 = Mr. Smith is good at cooking.
④ Common ใช-Adjectives
ใใใ = quiet
ใซใใใ = lively/bustling
ใใใ = beautiful/clean
ใใใใ = famous
ในใใ = convenient
ใใ = liked/pleasing
ใใใ = disliked
ใใใ = healthy/energetic
ใฒใพ = free (time)/bored
ใใใธใ = hard/tough
ใใใพใ・ใใพใ — Existence Verbs
Grammar: Location + ใซ + ใใใพใ/ใใพใ, Counters · Vocabulary: Family, Positional words
① ใใใพใ vs ใใพใ
| ใใใพใ | ใใพใ | |
|---|---|---|
| Used for | non-living things, plants | people, animals |
| Example | ใปใใ ใใใพใ | ใใฉใใ ใใพใ |
| Question | 〜ใ ใใใพใใ | 〜ใ ใใพใใ |
ใคใใใฎ ใใใซ ใปใใ ใใใพใ。 → There is a book on the desk.
ใใใใใซ ใใฉใใ ใใพใ。 → There are children in the park.
ใญใใฏ ใฉใใซ ใใพใใ。 → Where is the cat?
③ Positional Words
| Japanese | Meaning | Japanese | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใ | above/on top | ใใ | below/under |
| ใพใ | in front | ใใใ | behind |
| ใฟใ | right | ใฒใ ใ | left |
| ใชใ | inside | ใใจ | outside |
| ใจใชใ | next to | ใกใใ | near/nearby |
| ใใใ | between | ใใใ | over there / beyond |
| Number | Counter (ไบบ) | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ใฒใจใ | hitori (irregular) |
| 2 | ใตใใ | futari (irregular) |
| 3〜9 | 〜ใซใ | ~nin (regular) |
| 10 | ใใ ใใซใ | jลซnin |
| ไฝไบบ | ใชใใซใ | how many people |
〜ใใใงใ — Wants & Desires
Grammar: Verb stem + ใใ, ใใปใใ, ใฉใใช · Vocabulary: Food, Shopping desires
① ใใใงใ — "Want to do"
Verb STEM + ใใใงใ = "want to ___"
Verb stem = masu-form minus ใพใ (e.g. ใในใพใ → ใใน + ใใ)
ใซใปใใธ ใใใใใงใ。 → I want to go to Japan.
ใฉใผใกใณใ ใในใใใงใ。 → I want to eat ramen.
ใชใซใ ใในใใใชใใงใ。 → I don't want to eat anything.
✗ ใใ cannot express 3rd person desire — use 〜ใใใฃใฆใใพใ for he/she wants to!
② ใใปใใ — "Want (a thing)"
〔Object〕ใ ใปใใใงใ = want [object/thing]
ใใใใใ ใใฝใณใณใ ใปใใใงใ。 = I want a new computer.
Object uses ใ, not ใ, with ใปใใ!
③ ใฉใใช — "What kind of"
ใฉใใช + Noun = "what kind of Noun"
ใฉใใช ใใใใใ ใใใงใใ。 → What kind of music do you like?
ใฉใใช ใใใจใ ใใใใงใใ。 → What kind of job do you want to do?
④ Noun + ใ / Number + ใปใใ
ใใใงใ conjugates like ใ-adjective!
| Form | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive | stem + ใใใงใ | ใในใใใงใ |
| Negative | stem + ใใใชใใงใ | ใในใใใชใใงใ |
| Past | stem + ใใใฃใใงใ | ใในใใใฃใใงใ |
| Past neg. | stem + ใใใชใใฃใใงใ | ใในใใใชใใฃใใงใ |
ใใฃใใใใใ = want to get married
ใใ
ใใใใใใ = want to study abroad
ใใใฟใใ = want to rest
ใใใใ = want to buy
ใฎใฟใใ = want to drink
ใฏใใใใใใชใ = don't want to work
〜ใใ / 〜ใฎใง — Reasons & Explanations
Grammar: 〜ใใ (because), 〜ใฎใง (so/because), adjective ใฆ-forms for listing · Vocabulary: Seasons, Towns
① ใใ — "Because / So"
〔Reason〕ใใ、〔Result〕= "Because ___, ___"
ใใ follows plain or polite form and states the reason
ใใใงใใใ、ใใกใซใใพใ。 → Because it's raining, I'll stay home.
ใใใใงใใใ、ใใใพใ。 → Because it's cheap, I'll buy it.
ใชใใงใใ → 〜ใใใงใ。 → Why? → Because ___.
② Connecting Sentences with ใฆ-form
ใ-adj ใฆ form: ใ → ใใฆ ใช-adj ใฆ form: ใช → ใง Noun: N + ใง
ใใฎใพใกใฏ ใใใใง、ใใใใงใ。 → This town is quiet and beautiful.
ใใใใฆ、ใใใใใงใ。 → (It's) cheap and delicious.
③ Describing Towns
〔Town〕ใฏ〔adj〕ใพใกใงใ = [Town] is a [adj] town
ใซใใใใช ใพใก = lively town
ใใใใช ใพใก = quiet town
ในใใใช ใพใก = convenient town
ใตในใใช ใพใก = inconvenient town
ใใใใช ใพใก = beautiful/clean town
ใใใใ ใพใก = big town
ใตใใ ใพใก = old town
ใใใใใ ใพใก = new town
| Season | Japanese | Climate words |
|---|---|---|
| Spring | ใฏใ | ใใใใใ、ใใใ |
| Summer | ใชใค | ใใคใ、ใใใใคใ (humid) |
| Autumn | ใใ | ใใใใ、ใใใใ (autumn leaves) |
| Winter | ใตใ | ใใใ、ใใ |
〜ใ ใใใใพใ・ใใใงใ / Counting Things
Grammar: ใใใใพใ, ใงใใพใ + ใ, Counters (〜ใค・〜ๆฌ・〜ๆ) · Vocabulary: Objects, Abilities
① ใ + Ability/Understanding Verbs
〔Subject〕ใฏ〔Object〕ใ ใใใใพใ = understand ___
〔Subject〕ใฏ〔Object〕ใ ใงใใพใ = can do / is possible
ใใใใฏ ใซใปใใใ ใใใใพใ。 → I understand Japanese.
ในใในใใใฏ ใใในใ ใงใใพใ。 → Mr. Smith can play tennis.
ใใฉใณใน่ชใ ใงใใพใใ。 → Can you speak French?
★ ใใใใพใ and ใงใใพใ take ใ — NOT ใ!
② Japanese Counters
| Counter | For | Reading | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 〜ใค | generic small objects | hitotsu… | ใฟใฃใค ใใ ใใ |
| 〜ๆฌ(ใปใ) | long thin objects | ippon, nihon… | ใใใดใค ใใฃใฝใ |
| 〜ๆ(ใพใ) | flat thin objects | ichimai… | ใใฟ ใซใพใ |
| 〜ๅ(ใใค) | books/magazines | issatsu… | ใปใ ใใใใค |
| 〜ๅฐ(ใ ใ) | machines/vehicles | ichidai… | ใใใพ ใใกใ ใ |
| 〜ๅ(ใ) | small round objects | ikko… | ใใใ ใฟใฃใ |
| 〜ๆฏ(ใฏใ) | cups/glasses | ippai… | ใณใผใใผ ใใฃใฑใ |
| ใฒใจใค (1) | ใตใใค (2) | ใฟใฃใค (3) | ใใฃใค (4) | ใใคใค (5) |
| ใใฃใค (6) | ใชใชใค (7) | ใใฃใค (8) | ใใใฎใค (9) | ใจใ (10) |
Te-form — Requests, Permission & Prohibition
Grammar: ใฆใใ ใใ, ใฆใใใใงใใ, ใฆใฏใใใพใใ · Vocabulary: Actions, Rules
① Te-form Formation (Full Chart)
| Group | Ending | Change | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gr.1 | ใ | ใใฆ | ใใ → ใใใฆ |
| Gr.1 | ใ | ใใง | ใใใ → ใใใใง |
| Gr.1 | ใ | ใใฆ | ใฏใชใ → ใฏใชใใฆ |
| Gr.1 | ใ・ใถ・ใฌ | ใใง | ใฎใ → ใฎใใง |
| Gr.1 | ใ・ใ・ใค | ใฃใฆ | ใใ → ใใฃใฆ |
| Gr.1 | ใใ | ใใฃใฆ | ใใ → ใใฃใฆ ★irregular! |
| Gr.2 | 〜ใ | ใฆ (drop ใ) | ใในใ → ใในใฆ |
| Gr.3 | ใใ | ใใฆ | ใใ → ใใฆ |
| Gr.3 | ใใ | ใใฆ | ใใ → ใใฆ |
〜ใฆใใ ใใ = Please do ___ (polite request)
ใใฃใใ ใฏใชใใฆใใ ใใ。 → Please speak slowly.
〜ใฆใใใใงใใ = May I do ___? (asking permission)
ใใใใใ ใจใฃใฆใใใใงใใ。 → May I take a photo?
ใฏใ、ใฉใใ。 / ใใฟใพใใ、ใกใใฃใจ…
〜ใฆใฏใใใพใใ = Must not do ___ (prohibition)
ใใใง ใใฐใใ ใใฃใฆใฏใใใพใใ。 → You must not smoke here.
ใใใใซใใฆใใ ใใ。 → Please be quiet.
★ Politeness scale: ใฆใใ ใใ (request) → ใฆใใใใงใใ (permission) → ใฆใฏใใใพใใ (rule)
〜ใฆใใพใ — Ongoing Actions & States
Grammar: ใฆใใ (progressive), ใฆใใ (resultant state), 〜ใฆใใ · Vocabulary: Daily routines
① 〜ใฆใใพใ — Two Meanings
| Use | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Ongoing action | is doing ___ (right now) | ใในใฆใใพใ = is eating |
| Resultant state | is in a state resulting from an action | ใใฃใใใใฆใใพใ = is married |
ใใพ ใใฌใใ ใฟใฆใใพใ。 → (I) am watching TV now. (ongoing)
ใใใญใ ใใใฆใใพใ。 → (She) is wearing glasses. (state)
IMCใง ใฏใใใใฆใใพใ。 → (I) work at IMC. (occupation = state)
② Occupation / Relationship States
Permanent occupation uses ใฆใใพใ not just ใพใ!
ใใใใใ ใใฆใใใพใ = is cooking (right now)
ใใใใใ ใใฆใใพใ = cooks for a living (profession)
③ 〜ใฆใใ — "After doing"
〔Action 1〕ใฆใใ、〔Action 2〕= After doing ___, do ___
ใใฏใใ ใในใฆใใ、ใฏใ ใฟใใใพใ。
After eating, (I) brush my teeth.
④ Appearance / Physical State Vocabulary
ใใใญใ ใใใฆใใพใ = wearing glasses
ในใผใใ ใใฆใใพใ = wearing a suit
ใผใใใ ใใถใฃใฆใใพใ = wearing a hat
ใใฏใฟใคใ ใใฆใใพใ = wearing a tie
ใใฟใ ใชใใ = has long hair
ใใ ใใใ = is tall
ใใใ = young
ใใฃใใใใฆใใพใ = is married
Plain Form (Dictionary Form) Introduction
Grammar: Plain form verbs (present/past/neg.), 〜ใจ ใใใใพใ · Vocabulary: Opinions, Beliefs
① Plain Form Chart
| Polite (ใพใ) | Plain (+) | Plain (−) | Plain Past + | Plain Past − | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gr.1: ใใ | ใใใพใ | ใใ | ใใใชใ | ใใใ | ใใใชใใฃใ |
| Gr.2: ใในใ | ใในใพใ | ใในใ | ใในใชใ | ใในใ | ใในใชใใฃใ |
| ใใ | ใใพใ | ใใ | ใใชใ | ใใ | ใใชใใฃใ |
| ใใ | ใใพใ | ใใ | ใใชใ | ใใ | ใใชใใฃใ |
ใใใใฏ ใใใ ใจ ใใใใพใ。 → I think it will rain tomorrow.
ใใใฏ ใใชใใจ ใใใใพใ。 → I think he won't come.
ใใใใใชใใจ ใใใใพใ。 → I don't think that's the case.
③ 〜ใจ ใใฃใฆใใพใ — Reporting Speech
〔Plain form〕ใจ ใใฃใฆใใพใ = is saying that ___ / says ___
ใใพใ ใใใฏ ใใชใใจ ใใฃใฆใใพใ。 = Yamada says he won't come.
④ Vocabulary — Opinion Expressions
〜ใจ ใใใใพใ = I think that ~
〜ใจ ใใใพใ = it is called ~ / say ~
ใใถใ = probably
ใใฃใจ = surely/certainly
〜ใงใใใ = probably (less certain)
〜ใใใใใพใใ = might be
〜ใฏใใงใ = should be / expected to be
ใใฃใใใซ = absolutely/definitely
〜ใชใใงใใ ใใ / 〜ใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ
Grammar: Negative requests, Obligations, 〜ใชใใฆใใใใงใ · Vocabulary: Rules, Obligations
① Negative Request — 〜ใชใใงใใ ใใ
Negative plain form + ใงใใ ใใ = "Please don't do ___"
ใใใง ใใฐใใ ใใใชใใงใใ ใใ。 → Please don't smoke here.
ใใใใใ ใจใใชใใงใใ ใใ。 → Please don't take photos.
② Obligation — 〜ใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ
Negative plain form (ใชใ→ใชใใใฐ) + ใชใใพใใ = "Must do / Have to do"
ใใใใ ใฎใพใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ。 → (I) must take medicine.
ใใ
ใใ ใใ ใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ。 → (I) must do homework.
♦ Shortcut in speech: 〜ใชใใ (very casual) e.g. ใใใชใใ = gotta go
③ No Obligation — 〜ใชใใฆใใใใงใ
Neg plain form (ใชใ→ใชใใฆ) + ใใใใงใ = "Don't have to / It's OK not to"
ใใใซ ใในใชใใฆใใใใงใ。 → You don't have to force yourself to eat.
ใใใใฏ ใใชใใฆใใใใงใ。 → You don't have to come today.
④ Summary: Obligation System
| Meaning | Pattern |
|---|---|
| Must do | 〜ใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ |
| Must not do | 〜ใฆใฏใใใพใใ |
| Don't have to do | 〜ใชใใฆใใใใงใ |
| May do (OK to do) | 〜ใฆใใใใงใ |
| Please do | 〜ใฆใใ ใใ |
| Please don't do | 〜ใชใใงใใ ใใ |
Noun Modification — Relative Clauses
Grammar: Verb/adj plain form + Noun, 〜ใจใ (when) · Vocabulary: Describing objects & people
① Relative Clause Construction
〔Plain form clause〕+ Noun = clause modifying (describing) the noun
Unlike English, the modifier comes BEFORE the noun in Japanese!
ใใฎใ ใใฃใ ใปใ = the book (that I) bought yesterday
ใใใใ ใจใฃใ ใใใใ = the photo I took
ใซใปใใ ใ ใฏใชใใ ใฒใจ = a person who can speak Japanese
ใใใใง ใฏใใใใฆใใ ใฒใจ = the person working over there
② ใ in Relative Clauses
Inside relative clauses, ใ often replaces ใฏ for the subject!
ใใใใ ใใใ ใฆใใฟ = the letter that I wrote
× ใใใใฏ ใใใ ใฆใใฟ ← ใฏ inside relative clause = unnatural
③ 〜ใจใ — "When"
〔Clause〕ใจใใฏ、〔Main clause〕= When ___, ___
ใใฉใใฎ ใจใ、ใซใปใใซ ใใใงใใพใใ。
When (I was) a child, I lived in Japan.
ใฒใพใช ใจใใฏ、ใใใใใ ใใใพใ。
When I have free time, I listen to music.
④ Noun Modification — Summary Table
| Type | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใ-adj + N | adj (plain) + N | ใใใใใ ใใใพ |
| ใช-adj + N | adj + ใช + N | ใใใใช ใธใ |
| Noun + N | N + ใฎ + N | ใซใปใใฎ ใใใพ |
| Verb clause + N | plain verb + N | ใใฃใ ใปใ |
〜ใชใใ — Simultaneous Actions
Grammar: Verb stem + ใชใใ, 〜ใฆใใพใใพใ, 〜ใงใใใ · Vocabulary: Daily activities
① 〜ใชใใ — "While doing"
Verb stem (masu minus ใพใ) + ใชใใ = "while doing ___"
ใชใใ expresses TWO simultaneous actions — focus is on main (second) verb
ใใใใใ ใใใชใใ、ในใใใใใใพใ。
I study while listening to music.
ใใใใชใใ、ในใใใ ใฟใชใใงใใ ใใ。
Please don't look at your phone while walking.
✗ Both actions must share the SAME subject — cannot use ใชใใ for two different people!
② 〜ใฆใใพใใพใ — Completion / Regret
Te-form + ใใพใใพใ = completed fully / unfortunately happened
ใใ
ใใ ใใ ใใใถ ใใฆใใพใใพใใ。 → I finished all my homework (completely).
ใใใตใ ใใใใฆใใพใใพใใ。 → I unfortunately forgot my wallet.
Casual: ใฆใใพใ → ใกใใ / ใงใใพใ → ใใใ
③ 〜ใงใใใ — Probability
Plain form / adj / noun + ใงใใใ = "probably / I suppose"
ใใใใฏ ใฏใใใงใใใ。 = It will probably be sunny tomorrow.
ใใถใ ใใใ ใใใงใใใ。 = He probably came.
④ Vocabulary — Sequential & Simultaneous Actions
〜ใชใใ = while doing (simultaneous)
〜ใฆใใ = after doing (sequential)
〜ใพใใซ = before doing
〜ใใจใง = after (time has passed)
〜ใจใใซ = at the time when
〜ใใใ = during / while (longer period)
〜ใใ — Conditional "If / When"
Grammar: ใใ conditional, 〜ใจ conditional, 〜ใฐ conditional introduction · Vocabulary: Conditions, Situations
① 〜ใใ Conditional
Plain past form + ใ = "If/When ___ happens, ___"
Formation: plain past (ใ form) + ใ
ใซใปใใธ ใใฃใใ、ใใใ ใในใใใงใ。
If I go to Japan, I want to eat sushi.
ใใใใฃใใ、ใใใพใ。 → If it's cheap, I'll buy it.
ใใ
ใใ ใใ ใใใฃใใ、ใใใณใพใใใ。 → When homework is done, let's play.
② 〜ใใ Formation
| Type | Base | 〜ใใ form |
|---|---|---|
| Verb (Gr.1) | ใใ → ใใใ | ใใใใ |
| Verb (Gr.2) | ใในใ → ใในใ | ใในใใ |
| ใ-adj | ใใใ → ใใใใฃใ | ใใใใฃใใ |
| ใช-adj | ใใใใ ใฃใ | ใใใใ ใฃใใ |
| Noun | ใใใใใ ใฃใ | ใใใใใ ใฃใใ |
| Conditional | Best use |
|---|---|
| 〜ใใ | Personal situations, one-time events, after ~ |
| 〜ใจ | Natural results, directions, instructions |
| 〜ใฐ | Formal conditions, emphasizing the condition |
| 〜ใชใ | Responding to given info ("if that's the case") |
〜ใใใงใ — Appearance & Hearsay
Grammar: 〜ใใใงใ (looks like), 〜ใใใงใ (I heard), 〜ใใใ · Vocabulary: Rumors, Appearances
① 〜ใใใงใ — Two Completely Different Meanings!
| Appearance ใใ | Hearsay ใใ | |
|---|---|---|
| Meaning | "looks like / seems" | "I heard that / apparently" |
| Formation | adj stem/verb stem + ใใ | plain form + ใใใงใ |
| Example | ใใใใใใงใ = looks delicious | ใใใใใใใงใ = I heard it's delicious |
| Note | Based on OWN observation | Based on what others said |
ใใใใใใใงใ。 → Looks interesting.
ใใใธใใใใงใ。 → Looks tough/difficult.
ใใใ ใตใใใใงใ。 → It looks like it will rain.
★ ใใ(good) → ใใใใ (NOT ใใใ!) ใชใ → ใชใใใ
③ Hearsay ใใใงใ — Formation
Plain form (entire sentence) + ใใใงใ = "I heard that..."
ใใพใ ใใใฏ ใใฃใใใใใใใงใ。 → I heard Yamada is getting married.
ใใฎ ใฟใใฏ ใใใใใใงใ。 → I heard that shop is cheap.
④ 〜ใใใ — Seems / Appears (based on evidence)
Plain form + ใใใ = "it seems like / appears to be" (from evidence/info)
ใใใฏ ใใใใใใใใงใ。 = He seems to be a student.
ใใใใฏ ใใใใใใงใ。 = It apparently will rain tomorrow.
♦ ใใ(appearance) = your eyes | ใใ(hearsay) = others' words | ใใใ = inference from clues
〜ใงใ / 〜ใ / 〜ใใงใ
Grammar: Listing reasons with ใ, Casual explanation with ใใงใ, Contrast with ใงใ · Vocabulary: Daily life, Complaints
① 〜ใ — Listing Multiple Reasons
〔Reason1〕ใ、〔Reason2〕ใ、〔Conclusion〕= "not only ___, but also ___, so ___"
ใใฎใพใกใฏ ใใใใ ใ、ในใใใ ใ、ใ ใใใใงใ。
This town is quiet, convenient, and I love it.
ใใฎใฒใจใฏ ใใใใ ใ、ใใใพใใใใ、ใใฆใใงใใญ。
That person is beautiful, smart too — wonderful, isn't she!
② 〜ใใงใ — Explaining / Seeking Explanation
Plain form + ใใงใ = explaining background reason / seeking context
(= ใฎใงใ in written form; ใใงใ in spoken)
ใฉใใใใใงใใ。 → What's the matter? (seeking explanation)
ใใใพใ ใใใใใงใ。 → (The reason is) I have a headache.
ใชใ ใใใใฃใใใงใใ。 → Why were you late? (asking for reason)
③ 〜ใงใ — "Even / But / However"
ใงใ at start of sentence = "But/However" Noun + ใงใ = "even ___"
ใงใ、ใใใใใใงใ。 = But, it's difficult.
ใใฉใใงใ ใใใใพใ。 = Even a child can understand.
ใชใใงใ ใในใพใ。 = I eat anything (everything).
④ Indefinite Pronouns with ใงใ
| +ใงใ | Meaning | +ใ | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใชใใงใ | anything | ใชใซใ | something |
| ใฉใใงใ | anywhere | ใฉใใ | somewhere |
| ใ ใใงใ | anyone | ใ ใใ | someone |
| ใใคใงใ | anytime | ใใคใ | sometime |
〜ใฆใใใพใ / ใใใใพใ / ใใใพใ — Giving & Receiving
Grammar: Verbs of giving/receiving, Direction of benefit · Vocabulary: Acts of kindness
① Three Core Giving/Receiving Verbs
| Verb | Direction | Subject | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใใพใ | I/we → others | giver = I | ใใใใ ใใใพใ = I give |
| ใใใใพใ | others → I/we | receiver = I | ใใใใ ใใใใพใ = I receive |
| ใใใพใ | others → I/my group | giver = others | 〜ใ ใใใพใ = they give to me |
ใจใใ ใกใซ ใซใปใใใ ใใใใฆใใใพใใ。
I taught my friend Japanese (as a favor to them).
ใใใใใซ ใใคใใใใฆ ใใใใพใใ。
I had the teacher explain it to me (received the favor).
ใฏใฏใ ใใใใใ ใคใใฃใฆใใใพใใ。
My mother cooked for me (kind act toward me).
③ Particles Used With These Verbs
| Verb | Giver | Receiver |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใพใ | Subject ใฏ/ใ | 〜ใซ (to ~) |
| ใใใใพใ | 〜ใซ/ใใ (from ~) | Subject ใฏ/ใ |
| ใใใพใ | Subject ใฏ/ใ | ใใใ(ใซ) |
〜ใจ ใใ / Nominalisation — ใใจ & ใฎ
Grammar: 〜ใจใใ (called/that), ใใจ and ใฎ as noun phrases · Vocabulary: Explanations, Definitions
① 〜ใจใใ — "Called / Named / That"
Noun A + ใจใใ + Noun B = "Noun B called/named Noun A"
Plain sentence + ใจใใใใจ = the fact that / the matter that
「ใฟใใชใฎๆฅๆฌ่ช」ใจใใ ใปใ → a book called "Minna no Nihongo"
ใใใ ใใใจใใ ใฏใชใ → the story that he is coming
〜ใจใใใใจใฏ、〜ใจใใใใจใงใ。 → "That means ___"
② ใใจ — Nominalising Verbs (Formal)
Plain form + ใใจ = turns a verb clause into a noun (formal / written)
ใซใปใใใ ใฏใชใใใจใ ใใใงใ。 → I like speaking Japanese.
ใพใใซใก ใใใฉใใใใใจใฏ ใ ใใใงใ。 → Exercising every day is important.
③ ใฎ — Nominalising Verbs (Personal / Sensory)
Plain form + ใฎ = turns a verb clause into a noun (personal experience / sensory)
ใใใ ใใใฃใฆใใใฎใ ใใใใพใ。 → I can hear him singing.
ใใชใใ ใในใใฎใ ใฟใพใใ。 → I saw you eat (it).
④ ใใจ vs ใฎ — When to Use Each
| ใใจ | ใฎ |
|---|---|
| Formal/abstract situations | Personal/sensory/concrete situations |
| 〜ใใจใ ใใ/ใใใ/ใใใใ | 〜ใฎใ ใฟใใ/ใใใใ |
| 〜ใใจ (facts, matters) | 〜ใฎ (people seeing/hearing/knowing directly) |
〜ใใจใใใใพใ / 〜ใใใซใใพใ
Grammar: Experience (ใใใใจใใใใพใ), Goals (ใใใซใใพใ), 〜ใใใซใชใใพใใ · Vocabulary: Life experiences
① 〜ใใใจใใใใพใ — Past Experience
Plain past + ใใจใใใใพใ = "have (ever) done ___ / have the experience of"
ใซใปใใธ ใใฃใใใจใใใใพใ。 → I have been to Japan (before).
ใตใใใใซ ใฎใผใฃใใใจใใใใพใใ。 → Have you ever climbed Mt. Fuji?
ใใกใฉใ ใฎใใ ใใจใใใใพใใ。 → I have never drunk it even once.
★ Frequency adverb: ใใกใฉ (once), ใชใใฉใ (many times), ใใกใฉใ〜ใชใ (never even once)
② 〜ใใใซใใพใ — Making an Effort / Goal Setting
Plain form (non-past) + ใใใซใใพใ = "try to / make an effort to"
Negative plain form + ใใใซใใพใ = "try not to"
ใพใใซใก ใซใปใใใ ในใใใใใใใใใซใใพใ。
I will try to study Japanese every day.
ใใฐใใ ใใใชใใใใซใใพใ。
I will try not to smoke.
③ 〜ใใใซใชใใพใใ — Change Over Time
Plain form + ใใใซใชใใพใใ = "came to be able to / has become the case that"
ใซใปใใใ ใฏใชใใใใใซใชใใพใใ。 → I became able to speak Japanese.
ใใใใ ใใใใ ใในใใใใซใชใใพใใ。 → Recently I've started eating vegetables.
④ Book 1 Grammar Master Summary
| Pattern | Meaning | Lesson |
|---|---|---|
| 〜ใฏ〜ใงใ | A is B | L1 |
| 〜ใ ใใใพใ/ใใพใ | there is/are | L10 |
| 〜ใฆใใ ใใ | please do | L14 |
| 〜ใฆใใพใ | ongoing / state | L15 |
| 〜ใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ | must do | L17 |
| 〜ใใใซใใพใ | try to do | L25 |
| 〜ใใใจใใใใพใ | have experience of | L25 |
| 〜ใฆใใใ/ใใใ/ใใใ | giving/receiving favors | L23 |